Balloon Waddle RelayRunners squeeze a balloon between their knees and waddle to a chair and back without using their hands. If the balloon drops, they go back to the line and start that leg again. Players: 6 to 20. Time: 10 min. Props: one balloon per team and spares.
Silly Challenge JarFill a jar with host-written challenges that are safe and quick: talk like a robot for one minute, balance a spoon on your nose, do your best teacher impression. Players draw one each turn and may swap it once. Players: 3 to 10. Time: 12 min. Props: a jar of challenge slips.
Pass the Parcel, a Treat in Every LayerWrap a prize in one layer of paper per guest, with a sticker or small treat under every layer. Kids pass the parcel around the circle to music, and whoever holds it when the music stops peels off one layer. Stop the music so that every child gets a turn. Players: 5 to 12. Time: 10 min. Props: a layered parcel and music.
Birthday Party Games for Kids Ages 4 to 13: how it works
A game that thrills a five-year-old bores a twelve-year-old, so these birthday party games for kids are sorted by age first. Tap Ages 4 to 6, Ages 7 to 10 or Ages 11 to 13 (tweens), then press New games to deal three, each with its players, time and props.
Plan the games in five minutes
Start with the age chip. With mixed ages, choose for the youngest guests: older kids can play down, but little ones cannot play up. Press Lock on a keeper and New games to swap the others. Finish with one from Calm-down games before the cake. Print the list, or use Copy all to send it to a helper.
Party games for 12 year olds indoors, and other hard briefs
Tweens want a challenge, not a circle game. Of the 50 party games for tweens under Ages 11 to 13 (tweens), 41 work in a living room, including Padlock Puzzle Hunt, Spoons and Newspaper Fashion Show. For party games for 10 year olds indoors, try Streamer Laser Hallway or Cup Stack Sprint. Birthday party games for 5 year olds should have no losers: Musical Islands and Animal Freeze Dance keep every child in until the end.
Tips
Easy party games for kids have one rule. If you cannot explain a game in two sentences, save it for the older group.
Give players who are out a job straight away: stopping the music or judging the statues.
Popped latex balloons are a choking hazard, so an adult blows them up and picks up every piece before the next round.
Questions and answers
How many games do I need for a two-hour birthday party?
Plan six and expect to play four or five, because food, cake and presents fill a big share of the time. Keep one calm game, such as Sleeping Lions, for the wait before parents arrive, and one spare from No props in case a game falls flat.
What are good birthday party games for 10 year olds?
Ten-year-olds like speed, teams and a fair referee. Outdoors, Rob the Nest, Steal the Beanbag by Number and Chain Tag suit eight or more players. Indoors, run Cup Stack Sprint, Shake the Tail Box and Two Balloons, One Minute as a mini tournament. The Ages 7 to 10 chip holds 46 games.
Are there birthday party games for girls, or for boys?
Every game here works for any group of kids, so nothing is sorted that way. Choose by what the birthday child likes. A crafty group of tweens will enjoy Newspaper Fashion Show, Cupcake Decorating Judges and Blind Portrait Pairs. A group that cannot sit still will want Flashlight Tag at Dusk, Four Square Tournament and Rob the Nest.
Cowboy Party Games for Adults, Plus 11 More Party Themes120 games for adult theme parties: cowboy, football game day, slumber party, barbecue, race day, housewarming, retirement, 1990s, 50th birthday, color party, masquerade and spring.
Animal Freeze DanceKids dance while the music plays. When it stops, call out an animal and everyone freezes in that animal's shape until the music starts again. Nobody is out, so the four-year-olds stay in the game to the end. Players: 3 to 20. Time: 8 min. Props: music.
Balloon Keep-Up CountThe whole group keeps one balloon off the floor while counting the hits out loud. When it lands, start again and try to beat the record. Add a second balloon once they reach 20. Players: 3 to 10. Time: 6 min. Props: two balloons.
Balloon Tennis With Paper Plate PaddlesTape a craft stick to a paper plate to make each paddle, and string a ribbon between two chairs as the net. Pairs rally a balloon over it and count how many hits they manage before it lands. Players: 2 to 12. Time: 10 min. Props: paper plates, craft sticks, tape, a ribbon and balloons.
Birthday Child SaysIt is Simon Says with the birthday child as Simon. Do the action only when the order starts with the magic words, and sit down if you are caught out. The last player standing gives the orders next. Players: 4 to 20. Time: 8 min. Props: none.
Captain, May IPlayers line up facing the captain and take turns asking for a move: Captain, may I take three giant steps? The captain says yes or names a different move, such as two frog hops. Forget to ask and you go back to the start. The first player to reach the captain takes over. Players: 3 to 12. Time: 10 min. Props: none.
Doggy, Doggy, Where Is Your BoneOne child sits with their back to the group and a toy bone behind them. A silent point from the host picks a guest to sneak the bone away and hide it in their lap. The dog turns around and gets three guesses at who has it. Players: 5 to 15. Time: 8 min. Props: a toy bone or a beanbag.
Duck, Duck, GooseKids sit in a circle. The picker walks around it tapping heads and saying duck, then picks a goose, who jumps up and chases the picker around the circle. If the picker reaches the empty spot first, the goose is the new picker. Players: 6 to 15. Time: 10 min. Props: none.
Floor Is Lava Cushion CrossingLay a trail of cushions, mats and sheets of paper across the room. The team has to get everyone from one side to the other without touching the floor, passing spare cushions forward as they go. Players: 3 to 10. Time: 10 min. Props: cushions, mats and paper.
Hot Potato With a BeanbagPass a beanbag around the circle as fast as you can while the music plays. Whoever holds it when the music stops moves to the middle and chooses when to stop the next song. Players: 5 to 15. Time: 8 min. Props: a beanbag and music.
Musical Chairs With CushionsLay cushions on the floor, one fewer than the number of players. When the music stops everyone sits on a cushion, the player left over is out, and one cushion goes with them. Cushions do not tip over the way chairs do. Players: 5 to 15. Time: 10 min. Props: cushions and music.
Musical Islands, Nobody OutScatter sheets of paper on the floor as islands. When the music stops everyone must have a foot on an island, and you take one island away each round. Kids share islands to stay in, so the game ends with the whole party squeezed onto one. Players: 5 to 15. Time: 8 min. Props: sheets of paper and music.
Pass the Parcel, a Treat in Every LayerWrap a prize in one layer of paper per guest, with a sticker or small treat under every layer. Kids pass the parcel around the circle to music, and whoever holds it when the music stops peels off one layer. Stop the music so that every child gets a turn. Players: 5 to 12. Time: 10 min. Props: a layered parcel and music.
Picture Bingo, a Prize for Every LineGive each child a picture card and call the pictures one at a time. A full line wins a small prize and the game carries on, so there are several winners before anyone fills a whole card. Players: 4 to 20. Time: 12 min. Props: picture bingo cards and counters.
Picture Clue Treasure HuntDraw or print five picture clues, such as the bathtub, the mailbox and the fridge, and hide each one at the place shown on the clue before it. Kids who cannot read yet follow the pictures as one team to the prize box at the end. Players: 3 to 10. Time: 12 min. Props: five picture clues and a prize box.
Pin the Tail on the Party ThemeSwap the donkey for your theme: the horn on the unicorn, the wheel on the digger, the candle on the cake. Each child is blindfolded, turned around gently and walks forward to stick their piece on the poster. Closest wins, and initials on every piece settle the argument. Players: 4 to 15. Time: 10 min. Props: a poster, paper pieces, tape and a blindfold.
Piñata, One Song Per TurnEach child is blindfolded, turned around and swings for as long as the group sings one short song, then passes the stick on. The youngest go first. Keep everyone else behind a line until an adult calls that the stick is down. Players: 5 to 20. Time: 15 min. Props: a piñata, a stick, a blindfold and a bag per child.
Quiet Bubble Packing RunwayRoll a strip of bubble packing down the hallway. In round one, players cross it without popping a single bubble. In round two, they stomp the whole length as loudly as they can. Players: 3 to 12. Time: 6 min. Props: a roll of bubble packing.
Red Light, Green LightOne caller stands at the far end and turns away on green light while everyone creeps forward. On red light the caller spins around, and anyone caught moving goes back to the start. The first player to tag the caller takes over. Players: 4 to 20. Time: 8 min. Props: none.
Run to the ColorCall out a color and every child runs to touch something of that color, then freezes. Make it harder with two colors at once, or with a color that somebody is wearing. Nobody is out. Players: 3 to 20. Time: 6 min. Props: none.
Sleeping LionsAll the lions lie down and stay as still as they can. One or two hunters walk among them telling jokes, without touching, and any lion who moves or giggles gets up and joins the hunters. It is the calmest way to end a loud party. Players: 4 to 20. Time: 8 min. Props: none.
Teddy Bear Hide and FindHide one small soft toy per guest around the room before the party. On go, each child finds one toy and carries it back to the picnic blanket, and early finders help the others. Nobody is out and everyone finishes holding a toy. Players: 3 to 12. Time: 8 min. Props: one soft toy per child.
What Is Missing From the TrayShow a tray of eight party objects for thirty seconds, cover it and take one away. The first child to say what is missing removes the next one. This is the younger version of the memory tray game. Players: 3 to 10. Time: 8 min. Props: a tray, a cloth and eight objects.
What's the Time, Mr. Wolf?The wolf stands with their back to the group, who call out the question together. The wolf answers with an hour and everyone takes that many steps closer. When the wolf answers dinner time, everyone runs back to the start, and whoever is tagged becomes the wolf. Players: 5 to 15. Time: 10 min. Props: none.
Whisper Down the Line, Birthday MessageThe birthday child whispers a silly sentence to the next guest, who whispers it on, once only, down the line. The last guest says it out loud. Nobody wins, and the mangled message is the point. Players: 5 to 15. Time: 5 min. Props: none.
Wooden Egg and Spoon RaceEach runner balances a wooden egg or a golf ball on a spoon and walks the course with the other hand behind their back. Drop it and you stop, put it back and carry on. Run heats of four, then a final. Players: 4 to 16. Time: 10 min. Props: spoons and wooden eggs or golf balls.
Ages 7 to 10 33
Backyard Obstacle Course, Beat Your Own TimeSet five stations from what you have: crawl under a table, zigzag the cones, five jumps on the spot, carry a ball on a spoon, ring the bell. Time each child twice. The prize goes to whoever improves their own time the most, so the fastest kid does not always win. Players: 3 to 15. Time: 15 min. Props: a stopwatch and household obstacles.
Balloon Waddle RelayRunners squeeze a balloon between their knees and waddle to a chair and back without using their hands. If the balloon drops, they go back to the line and start that leg again. Players: 6 to 20. Time: 10 min. Props: one balloon per team and spares.
Beetle Dice Drawing RaceRoll one die and draw the beetle part you earn: 6 for the body, which must come first, then 5 head, 4 wing, 3 leg, 2 antenna and 1 eye. The head has to be on before the eyes and antennae. The first to finish a beetle with two wings, six legs, two antennae and two eyes shouts beetle. Players: 2 to 8 per table. Time: 12 min. Props: a die, paper and pencils.
Birthday Clue TrailWrite six rhyming clues that lead from one hiding place to the next and end at the party bags. Teams of three or four start on different clues so that they do not follow each other. Readers of eight and up can run it without an adult. Players: 4 to 16. Time: 15 min. Props: six written clues and a prize.
Chain TagThe tagger catches one player and they join hands. The chain grows with every catch, and only the two free hands at the ends can tag. The last player caught starts the next chain. Players: 8 to 25. Time: 10 min. Props: none.
Charades, Kids Against Grown-UpsThe kids act and guess as one team and the adults as the other, with one minute per card. No talking and no pointing at things in the room. Holding up fingers for the number of words is allowed. Players: 6 to 20. Time: 15 min. Props: charades cards and a timer.
Cookie Face SlideSit down, tilt your head back and place a cookie on your forehead. Using only face wiggles, slide it down to your mouth inside one minute. Hold a plate in your lap so that a dropped cookie still gets eaten. Players: 2 to 15. Time: 5 min. Props: one cookie and one plate per player.
Cup Stack SprintEach player gets ten plastic cups in a stack. Build a four, three, two, one pyramid, then slide it back down into a single stack. The fastest clean time wins, and a fallen pyramid has to be rebuilt. Players: 2 to 12. Time: 5 min. Props: ten plastic cups per player and a timer.
Draw It Fast Team RaceOne drawer from each team runs to the host, reads the same secret word, runs back and draws it with no letters or numbers. The first team to guess scores, then the next drawer runs up. Players: 6 to 16. Time: 15 min. Props: paper, markers and a word list.
How Well Do You Know the Birthday KidBefore the party, ask the birthday child ten questions, such as favorite dinner, dream pet and scariest ride. Guests write their guesses, then the birthday kid reads out the real answers. Most matches wins. Players: 4 to 20. Time: 10 min. Props: ten questions, paper and pencils.
Limbo Under a Pool NoodleTwo helpers hold a pool noodle at shoulder height and the line dances under it leaning backward. Touch the noodle or put a hand on the floor and you are out. Lower it a hand's width after every full pass. Players: 5 to 20. Time: 10 min. Props: a pool noodle and music.
Memory Tray (Kim's Game)Lay about fifteen small objects on a tray and uncover it for one minute. Cover it again and give everyone two minutes to write down all they remember. The longest correct list wins. Players: 3 to 15. Time: 8 min. Props: a tray, a cloth, 15 objects, paper and pencils.
Musical Party HatsSit in a circle with one fewer party hat than players. While the music plays, keep passing the hats from head to head around the circle. When it stops, whoever has a bare head is out and takes one hat with them. Players: 6 to 15. Time: 10 min. Props: party hats and music.
Newspaper Dance, Fold It SmallerEach pair dances around a sheet of newspaper. When the music stops, both dancers must be standing on their sheet with no feet on the floor. Fold the sheet in half after every round until only one pair can balance. Players: 6 to 20. Time: 10 min. Props: newspaper and music.
Octopus TagOne octopus stands in the middle of the yard and calls for the fish to swim across. Anyone tagged sits down where they were caught and becomes a tentacle, tagging swimmers with their arms only. The last fish is the next octopus. Players: 8 to 25. Time: 10 min. Props: none.
Paper Airplane Distance ContestGive everyone one sheet of paper and five minutes to fold and test a plane. Each pilot gets two official throws from the line, and the longer one counts. Run a second prize for the fanciest loop. Players: 3 to 20. Time: 12 min. Props: paper and a tape measure.
Paper Plate Head DrawingEveryone holds a paper plate on top of their head and draws on it without looking while you give the orders: draw a cake, add six candles, put a plate under it, write happy birthday. Hold the plates up together and let the birthday kid pick a favorite. Players: 3 to 20. Time: 8 min. Props: paper plates and markers.
Pass the Parcel With Forfeit SlipsTuck a slip of paper under each layer with a quick forfeit, such as hop around the circle or name five fruits in ten seconds. Whoever unwraps the layer does the forfeit. Record short bursts of music in advance so the stops are fair. Players: 6 to 15. Time: 12 min. Props: a layered parcel, forfeit slips and music.
Pillowcase Hop RaceEach racer stands in a pillowcase, holds the top edge and hops to the finish line on grass. Run heats of four and then a final. Pillowcases fit seven-year-olds better than full-size sacks do. Players: 4 to 16. Time: 10 min. Props: old pillowcases.
Rob the NestPut a plastic hoop in each corner of the yard and a pile of beanbags in the middle. Teams send one runner at a time to bring back one beanbag. When the middle is empty, runners may take from other nests. Count the nests after three minutes. Players: 8 to 24. Time: 8 min. Props: four plastic hoops and about 20 beanbags.
Roll a Six, Oven Mitt UnwrapA gift wrapped in many layers sits in the middle with a pair of oven mitts and a hat. Players take turns rolling a die. Roll a six, put on the hat and mitts and start unwrapping, until the next six takes the kit off you. Players: 5 to 12. Time: 12 min. Props: a well-wrapped gift, oven mitts, a hat and a die.
Shake the Tail BoxTie an empty tissue box holding eight table tennis balls to the back of each player's waist. With no hands, players jump, wiggle and shake until every ball is out. The first empty box wins. Players: 2 to 10. Time: 5 min. Props: tissue boxes, ribbon and table tennis balls.
Shoe Pile ScrambleEveryone takes off one shoe and adds it to a pile at the far end of the room. On go, players race to the pile, find their own shoe, put it on and run back. Play it again in teams, where the whole team has to be back and sitting down. Players: 6 to 20. Time: 5 min. Props: none.
Silly Blank Story Read-AloudAsk the group for a list of words without telling them the story: an animal, a food, an action, a place. Drop the words into the blanks and read the finished story aloud in your most serious voice. Players: 3 to 15. Time: 8 min. Props: a fill-in-the-blank story.
Squeak, Piggy, SqueakThe blindfolded farmer is turned around three times, places a cushion on a seated player's lap, sits on it and says squeak, piggy, squeak. The piggy squeaks in a disguised voice and the farmer guesses who it is. Piggies swap seats before each turn. Players: 6 to 15. Time: 10 min. Props: a cushion and a blindfold.
Statue GardenEveryone freezes as a statue while one gardener walks among them. Statues may change pose whenever the gardener is not looking, and anyone seen moving becomes a gardener too. The last statue standing wins. Players: 5 to 20. Time: 10 min. Props: none.
Steal the Beanbag by NumberTwo teams face each other across the yard, and each player gets a number that matches one opponent. Call a number and that pair races for the beanbag in the middle. Carry it home for a point, but once you touch it your opponent can tag you and take the point. Players: 8 to 20. Time: 12 min. Props: a beanbag.
Sticky Note Face-OffIn pairs, one partner sticks as many sticky notes as possible on the other partner's face and hair in one minute. Count them, swap over, and the pair with the highest total wins. Players: 4 to 16. Time: 5 min. Props: a pad of sticky notes per pair.
Streamer Laser HallwayTape crepe paper streamers across a hallway at odd heights and angles to make laser beams. Each player crosses without touching or tearing one, against the clock. Add five seconds for every beam touched. Players: 3 to 12. Time: 12 min. Props: crepe paper streamers, tape and a timer.
Trivia With Pot Lid BuzzersTwo teams each get a bell, or a pot lid and a wooden spoon, as a buzzer. Read a question, the first buzz answers, and a wrong answer hands the question to the other team. Play to ten points. Players: 4 to 16. Time: 15 min. Props: a question list and two noisy buzzers.
Twenty Questions, Party ThemeOne player thinks of something that fits the party theme. The group gets twenty yes-or-no questions to work it out, and whoever guesses right thinks of the next one. Players: 3 to 12. Time: 8 min. Props: none.
Two Balloons, One MinuteEach player keeps two balloons in the air for one minute using hands only. If either one touches the floor, that player sits down. Give anyone still standing a third balloon for the final. Players: 2 to 12. Time: 5 min. Props: three balloons per player.
Would You Rather Line JumpRun a strip of tape down the middle of the room. Read a would you rather question, point left for the first choice and right for the second, and everyone jumps to a side. Ask one jumper from each side to say why. Players: 4 to 25. Time: 8 min. Props: tape and a list of questions.
Ages 11 to 13 (tweens) 22
Blind Portrait PairsPairs sit facing each other and draw their partner's portrait without looking down at the paper. After thirty seconds, sign it and hand it to the sitter. Hang the gallery on the wall for the rest of the party. Players: 4 to 16, even numbers. Time: 6 min. Props: paper, pens and something to lean on.
Categories Against the ClockRoll a letter and read out a list of categories, such as a snack, an animal and something in a school bag. Everyone writes one answer per category before the two-minute timer ends. An answer that nobody else wrote scores a point. Players: 3 to 12. Time: 12 min. Props: paper, pencils and a timer.
Cupcake Decorating JudgesGive each guest a plain cupcake, frosting and toppings, and five minutes to decorate it on a theme. The birthday kid gives every cupcake a title, such as tallest or most colorful, and then everyone eats their own. Players: 4 to 12. Time: 15 min. Props: cupcakes, frosting and toppings.
Don't Laugh CircleOne player stands in the middle and has 30 seconds to make someone in the circle laugh, with faces, voices and jokes but no touching. The first to crack swaps into the middle. Players: 4 to 15. Time: 8 min. Props: none.
Flashlight Tag at DuskThe tagger carries the only flashlight and tags people by catching them in the beam and calling their name. Set the boundaries while it is still light, and make the porch a no-hiding zone. Players: 5 to 15. Time: 15 min. Props: one flashlight.
Fold-Over Monster DrawingsFold a sheet of paper in three. Draw a head at the top, fold it back so only the neck lines show, and pass it on. The next artist adds a body, the third adds legs, then everyone unfolds their monster. Players: 3 to 12. Time: 8 min. Props: paper and pencils.
Four Square TournamentChalk a big square split into four and put a player in each box, with everyone else in line. Hit the ball with your hands so that it bounces in another box. Miss it, let it bounce twice or hit it out, and you go to the back of the line while the others move up. Players: 5 to 12. Time: 15 min. Props: chalk and a playground ball.
Glow Bracelet Hunt in the DarkSnap 30 glow bracelets and scatter them around the dark yard. Teams get three minutes to collect as many as they can, and one rare color is worth five. Players: 4 to 16. Time: 8 min. Props: about 30 glow bracelets.
Group Dance in Ten MinutesSplit into crews of three or four and give every crew the same song. They get ten minutes in separate rooms to build a 30-second routine, then perform it for the party. The birthday kid hands a silly award to every crew. Players: 6 to 16. Time: 25 min. Props: music and a speaker.
Hum It, Guess ItOne player hums a well-known song with no words and no la-las. The first person to name the song hums next. With two teams, give each hummer 30 seconds per song. Players: 4 to 14. Time: 10 min. Props: none.
Kick the CanOne guard protects a can in the open while everyone else hides. Players the guard spots and names go to jail beside the can. If a free player runs in and kicks the can first, everyone in jail goes free. Players: 5 to 15. Time: 15 min. Props: an empty can or a plastic bottle.
Newspaper Fashion ShowTeams of three get a stack of newspaper, a roll of tape and ten minutes to dress one teammate for a theme, such as space explorer or royal wedding. Models walk the runway while a teammate describes the outfit. Players: 6 to 18. Time: 20 min. Props: newspaper and tape.
One-Word Story CircleBuild a story around the circle one word at a time. Anyone who pauses for more than three seconds is out, and the story starts again with a new first word. Record it on a phone and play it back at the end. Players: 3 to 12. Time: 8 min. Props: none.
Padlock Puzzle HuntLock the party bags in a box with a three-digit padlock and hide three puzzles around the room. Each solved puzzle gives one digit, such as the number of candles in a drawing. The group works as one team against a 20-minute timer. Players: 3 to 10. Time: 20 min. Props: a box, a three-digit padlock and three puzzles.
Prop Box ImprovFill a box with household objects, such as a colander, a scarf and a whisk. Each player pulls one out and has 15 seconds to show three things it could be other than what it is. Players: 3 to 12. Time: 10 min. Props: a box of household objects.
Roll a Double, Take a PrizePile small wrapped prizes in the middle and pass two dice around the circle. Roll a double and take a prize from the pile. Once the pile is gone, a double lets you take one from another player, until the five-minute timer rings. Hold back spares so that nobody leaves empty-handed. Players: 5 to 12. Time: 10 min. Props: two dice, a timer and small wrapped prizes.
Sardines, Sleepover RulesOne player hides and everyone else searches alone. When you find the hider, squeeze in beside them and stay quiet. The last searcher to find the pile hides first next round. Agree which rooms are out of bounds before you start. Players: 4 to 12. Time: 15 min. Props: none.
Shadow Puppet GuessingUse a bare wall, turn off the lights and aim a flashlight at it. Players take turns making a hand shadow while the rest guess the animal. It works well as the last game at a sleepover. Players: 3 to 8. Time: 10 min. Props: a flashlight and a blank wall.
Silly Challenge JarFill a jar with host-written challenges that are safe and quick: talk like a robot for one minute, balance a spoon on your nose, do your best teacher impression. Players draw one each turn and may swap it once. Players: 3 to 10. Time: 12 min. Props: a jar of challenge slips.
SpoonsDeal four cards each and put spoons in the middle, one fewer than the number of players. Everyone passes one card to the left at the same time, over and over. Collect four of a kind and take a spoon, and then everyone grabs. Whoever misses out earns a letter of the word spoons. Players: 4 to 10. Time: 15 min. Props: a deck of cards and spoons.
Sticky Note Who Am IWrite an animal, a food or a job on a sticky note for each player and stick it on their forehead unseen. Players take turns asking yes-or-no questions until they work out what they are. Players: 4 to 12. Time: 12 min. Props: sticky notes and a marker.
Ten Fingers, Kid QuestionsEveryone holds up ten fingers. Take turns naming something ordinary you have never done, such as ridden a horse or eaten sushi, and anyone who has done it folds a finger down. The last player with a finger up wins. Players: 4 to 12. Time: 10 min. Props: none.